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Summary (Feb 07, 2004): Did serpentears evolve en land o mar? si related a lizards, qué ocurrirado a su legs? estes evolutionary questions were aspectoado at por Penn estado biologists quien compared el genetic familia trees por el marine y land hypotheses. su answer: serpentears hecho su primer debut como land reptiles. cómo species evolve bajo environmental pressures es uno task por astrobiologists seeking answers a cómo vida ha desarrollarado terrestrially.
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uno orden de serpentear Legs, gustar basarado enPenn estado informe
el mystery de donde tierra's primer serpentears vivirado como ellos were evolving into limbless creatures desde su lizard ancestors ha intrigued scientists por siglios. ahora, el primer estudiar ever a analyze genes desde todo el vivirando familias de lizards ha revealed que serpentears hecho su debut en el land, no en el ocean. el discovery resolves un largo-smoldering debate among biologists sobre whether serpentears had un terrestrial o un marine origin roughly 150 million años ago--un debate rekindled recently por controversial research en favor de el marine hypothesis.
 | "... unas warm poco pond, con todo sorts de ammonia y phosphoric salts, luz, calor, electricity etc...", Charles Darwin, en el origins de vida en tidal pools
Credit:Smithsonian |
en un papel a estar publicarado en el 7 mayo 2004 issue de el Royal Society journal Biology letras, Nicolas Vidal, un postdoctoral fellow, y S. Blair Hedges, un professor de biology at Penn estado, describe cómo ellos puesto el dos theories a el test. ellos collected el largest genetic data set por serpentears y lizards ever usarado a address este question. su colección incluirs dos genes desde 64 species representarando todo 19 familias de vivirando lizards y 17 de el 25 familias de vivirando serpentears.
Genetic material desde unas de el lizards fue difícil a obtener porque unas species vivir único en cierto pequeño islands o en remote partes de el mundo. "nosotros felt (él) fue importante a analyze genes desde todo el lizard grupos porque casi every lizard familia ha been suggested como estarando el uno most closely related a serpentears. si nosotros had fallarado a incluir genes desde aun uno de el lizard familias, nosotros could tener missed getting el right answer," Hedges explains.
"por el marine hypothesis a estar correct, serpentears must estar el closest pariente de el único lizards known a tener vivirado en el ocean cuando serpentears evolved--el gigante, extinct mosasaur lizards," Vidal decirs. "mientras nosotros puede't analyze el genes de el extinct mosasaurs, nosotros puede usar el genes de su closest vivirando cousins, monitor lizards como el gigante Komodo Dragon," el explains.
 | redondo Island Boa(Bolyeria Mutocarinata) extinct
Credit:Smithsonian |
el team analyzed gene sequences desde cada de el species, usarando varios statistical methods a determine cómo el species son related. "Although estes genes tener el mismo funcionar en cada species--y tan, por definition, son el mismo gene--su structure en cada species es slightly diferente porque de mutations que tener desarrollarado sobre vez," Vidal explains. cuando el genetic comparisons were complete, Vidal y Hedges had un familia tree showing el relationships de el species.
"nuestro results show clearly que serpentears son no closely related a monitor lizards como el gigante Komodo Dragon, cual son el closest vivirando parientes de el mosasaurs--el único known marine lizard vivirando at el vez que serpentears evolved," Vidal decirs. "porque todo el otro lizards at que vez vivirado en el land, nuestro estudiar proveers fuerte evidence que serpentears evolved en el land, no en el ocean."
el research suggests un answer a another largo-debated question: por qué serpentears lost su limbs. su land-basarado lifestyle, incluirando burrowing underground at least unas de el vez, mayo estar el razón. "tenerando limbs es un real problema si tú necesitar a caber through pequeño openings underground, como alguien quien ha tried exploring en caves knows," Hedges decirs. "tuyo cuerpo could caber through mucho smaller openings si tú did no tener el wide shoulders y pelvis que apoyar tuyo limbs." el researchers note que el burrowing lifestyle de many otro species, incluirando legless lizards, es correlated con el complete loss de limbs o el evolución de muy pequeño limbs.
este research fue apoyarado por el National Aeronautics y espacio AdministrationAstrobiology Institute y el National Science Foundation. Related Web Pages Synchronizing Molecular Clocks
el Pull de el Recent
Dinner con Darwin
andarando antes volante?
evolución's Sweet diente
el Paleobiology Database
NASA Workshop en Biodiversity
Note: Terrestrial Origins
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